Game da Al'adun Indiya
Al'adar Indiya tana cikin tsoffin al'adu a duniya; wayewar Indiya ta fara ne kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata. Majiyoyi da yawa sun bayyana ta a matsayin "Sa Prathama Sanskrati Vishvavara" - al'ada ta farko kuma mafi girma a duniya, a cewar ƙungiyar All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP).
Al'ummomin Yamma ba koyaushe suke ganin al'adun Indiya da kyau ba, a cewar Christina De Rossi, masaniyar ilimin ɗan adam a Kwalejin Barnet da Southgate da ke Landan. Masana ilimin ɗan adam na farko sun taɓa ɗaukar al'ada a matsayin tsarin juyin halitta, kuma "kowane ɓangare na ci gaban ɗan adam ana ganinsa a matsayin wanda juyin halitta ke jagoranta," ta shaida wa Live Science. "A wannan ra'ayi, al'ummomin da ba sa bin salon rayuwar Turai ko ta Yamma, ko al'ummomin da ba sa bin salon rayuwar Turai ko ta Yamma, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin na asali kuma marasa kyau a al'ada. Ainihin wannan ya haɗa da duk ƙasashe da mutane da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, kamar ƙasashen Afirka, Indiya, da Gabas Mai Nisa."
Duk da haka, 'yan Indiya sun sami ci gaba mai yawa a fannin gine-gine (Taj Mahal), lissafi (ƙirƙirar sifili) da magani (Ayurveda). A yau, Indiya ƙasa ce mai bambancin ra'ayi, tare da mutane sama da biliyan 1.2, a cewar littafin CIA World Factbook, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ƙasa ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a bayan China. Yankuna daban-daban suna da nasu al'adu daban-daban. Harshe, addini, abinci da fasaha kaɗan ne daga cikin fannoni daban-daban na al'adun Indiya.
Harshe
A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Indiya tana da jihohi 28 da yankuna bakwai. Babu wani yare na hukuma a Indiya, a cewar hukuncin Babbar Kotun Gujarat a shekarar 2010, kodayake harshen Hindi ne harshen gwamnati. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya ya amince da harsuna 23 na hukuma a hukumance.
Mutane da yawa da ke zaune a Indiya suna rubutu da rubutun Devanagari. A gaskiya ma, ba daidai ba ne cewa yawancin mutanen Indiya suna jin Hindi. Duk da cewa mutane da yawa suna jin Hindi a Indiya, kashi 59 cikin 100 na mazauna Indiya suna jin wani abu banda Hindi, a cewar Jaridar Times of India. Wasu harsunan Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil da Urdu wasu ne da ake magana a ƙasar.
Sanskrit, wani tsohon yaren Indo-Turai wanda galibi ake kira da fina-finan aiki, ya fito ne daga Arewacin Indiya. Yadda yaren ya fara ya kasance abin muhawara tsakanin masana harsuna. Yana da kamanceceniya da harsunan Ingilishi, Faransanci, Farsi da Rashanci. Sabon binciken DNA a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa mamayar Aryan wataƙila ta kawo farkon Sanskrit. "Mutane suna ta muhawara kan isowar harsunan Indo-Turai a Indiya tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru," in ji marubucin binciken Martin Richards, masanin ilmin kayan tarihi a Jami'ar Huddersfield da ke Ingila. "An daɗe ana ta muhawara game da ko an kawo harsunan Indo-Turai daga ƙaura daga waje, wanda shine abin da yawancin masana harsuna za su yarda da shi, ko kuma idan sun samo asali daga asali." [Mamayar Aryan na iya Canza Yawan Jama'ar Tagulla a Indiya]
Addini
An gano Indiya a matsayin wurin haihuwar Hindu da Buddha, addinai na uku da na huɗu mafi girma. Kimanin kashi 84 cikin 100 na al'umma suna kiran kansu Hindu, a cewar "Littafin Bincike kan Ci gaba da Addini," wanda Matthew Clarke ya shirya (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013). Akwai nau'ikan Hindu da yawa, da kuma ƙungiyoyi huɗu mafi rinjaye - Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakteya da Smarta.
Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na 'yan Indiya Musulmai ne, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Musulunci a duniya. Kiristoci da Sikhs sun ƙunshi ƙaramin kaso na yawan jama'a, kuma akwai ma 'yan Buddha da Jain kaɗan, a cewar "Littafin Jagora."
Hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka (CIA) ta ambaci irin wannan alkaluma. A cewar littafinta na World Factbook, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Hindu ne, kashi 14.2 cikin 100 Musulmi ne, kashi 2.3 cikin 100 Kiristoci ne, kashi 1.7 cikin 100 kuma ba a bayyana adadin kashi 2 cikin 100 ba.
Abinci
Lokacin da Daular Moghul ta mamaye a ƙarni na sha shida, sun bar wani muhimmin tasiri a kan abincin Indiya, a cewar Jami'ar Texas A&M. Abincin Indiya kuma yana da tasiri daga wasu ƙasashe da yawa. An san shi da yawan abincin da yake ci da kuma yawan amfani da ganye da kayan ƙanshi. Salon girki ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki.
Alkama, shinkafa Basmati da kuma hatsi masu ɗauke da chana (Bengal gram) muhimman abinci ne na Indiya. Abincin yana da wadataccen curry da kayan ƙanshi, ciki har da citta, coriander, cardamom, turmeric, busasshen barkono mai zafi, da kirfa, da sauransu. Ana amfani da Chutneys - kayan ƙanshi masu kauri da aka yi daga 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu iri-iri kamar tamarind da tumatir da na'a-na'a, cilantro da sauran ganye - a cikin girkin Indiya.
Yawancin 'yan Hindu suna cin ganyayyaki, amma naman rago da kaza sun zama ruwan dare a cikin manyan abincin da ba na cin ganyayyaki ba. Jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito cewa tsakanin kashi 20 zuwa 40 cikin 100 na al'ummar Indiya masu cin ganyayyaki ne.
Yawancin abincin Indiya ana cin su da yatsu ko burodi da ake amfani da su a matsayin kayan abinci. Akwai nau'ikan burodi iri-iri da ake bayarwa tare da abinci, ciki har da naan, burodi mai yisti da aka gasa a tanda; da bhatoora, burodi mai laushi da aka soya a Arewacin Indiya kuma ana ci da curry na chickpea.
Gine-gine da Fasaha
Misali mafi shahara na gine-ginen Indiya shine Taj Mahal, wanda sarkin Mughal Shah Jahan ya gina don girmama matarsa ta uku, Mumtaz Mahal. Ya haɗa abubuwa daga salon gine-ginen Musulunci, Farisa, Ottoman Turkish da Indiya. Indiya kuma tana da tsoffin haikali.
Indiya ta shahara sosai saboda masana'antar fina-finai, wadda aka fi sani da Bollywood. Tarihin fina-finan ƙasar ya fara ne a shekarar 1896 lokacin da 'yan'uwan Lumière suka nuna fasahar sinima a Mumbai, a cewar Golden Globes. A yau, an san fina-finan da waƙoƙi da rawa masu kayatarwa.
Rawar Indiya, kiɗa da al'adun wasan kwaikwayo sun daɗe sama da shekaru 2,000, a cewar Nilima Bhadbhade, marubucin "Contract Law in India" (Kluwer Law International, 2010). Manyan al'adun rawa na gargajiya - Bharata Natyam, Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, Mohiniattam da Kathakali - suna amfani da jigogi daga tatsuniyoyi da adabi kuma suna da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na gabatarwa.
Wani bincike da aka buga a watan Afrilun 2016 a cikin Mujallar Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na Tekun Indiya ya gano cewa wasu ƙahonin Indiya suna da kamanceceniya da yawa da ƙahonin da aka yi a Ireland. Wannan binciken na iya nuna cewa ƙasashen biyu na iya musayar ra'ayoyi da dabaru wajen yin kayan kida a zamanin Tagulla. "Wasu ƙaho suna da kama da juna a zahiri, har zuwa inda yake kama da ganin tafiyar lokaci," in ji marubucin binciken Billy Ó Foghlú, wani masanin ilmin kayan tarihi kuma ɗalibi na digiri na uku a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya da ke Canberra, ya shaida wa Live Science. "Idan na sami ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kayan kida na Indiya na zamani a cikin wani haƙa kayan tarihi na Irish kuma ban san abin da nake kallo ba, da alama zan ɗauka cewa kayan tarihi ne na Irish na ƙarshen zamani na Tagulla." [Abin Mamaki na Ƙahonin Irish na Tsohuwar a cikin Kayan Kida na Indiya]
Tufafi
Tufafin Indiya suna da alaƙa sosai da saris mai launi na siliki da yawancin matan ƙasar ke sawa. Tufafin gargajiya na maza shine dhoti, wani yanki na yadi mara ɗinki wanda aka ɗaure a kugu da ƙafafu. Maza kuma suna sanya kurta, riga mai laushi wacce aka sawa tsawon gwiwa. A lokutan musamman, maza suna sanya sherwani ko achkan, wanda doguwar riga ce wacce ke da abin wuya ba tare da lapel ba. Ana ɗaure ta har zuwa wuya har zuwa gwiwa. Gajeren sigar sherwani ana kiranta jaket ɗin Nehru. An sanya mata suna ne bayan Jawaharlal Nehru, firayim ministan Indiya daga 1947 zuwa 1964, amma Nehru bai taɓa sanya jaket ɗin Nehru ba. Ya fi son achkan, a cewar Tehelka, wata jaridar Indiya. An fi sayar da jaket ɗin Nehru ga Turawan Yamma.
Kwastam da Biki
Diwali ita ce hutu mafi girma kuma mafi muhimmanci ga Indiya, a cewar National Geographic. Biki ne na kwanaki biyar da aka sani da bikin haske saboda hasken da aka kunna yayin bikin don wakiltar hasken ciki wanda ke kare su daga duhun ruhaniya. Holi, bikin launuka, wanda kuma ake kira bikin soyayya, ya shahara a lokacin bazara. Kasar kuma tana bikin Ranar Jamhuriya (Janairu 26), Ranar 'Yanci (Agusta 15) da kuma ranar haihuwar Mahatma Gandhi (Oktoba 2).